r1.1

Children are very different from adults. From before birth until the end of adolescence, children are very different from adults. They are growing, with cells multiplying and organ systems developing at a rapid rate. At birth their nervous, respiratory, reproductive and immune systems are not yet fully developed. Exposure to contaminants and toxic materials can affect a child's development. Behaviors in early childhood increase a child’s chance of exposure to toxic materials. It is common for infants and young children to explore the world by putting things in their mouths, and with many hours spend close to the floor or ground they can easily be exposed to lead by swallowing paint dust, paint chips, or pesticide residues. Because they breathe more rapidly and deeper than adults and because their respiratory system is still developing, they take pollutants deep into their lungs and have potentially more harmful effects. Take extra precautions with small children, especially those under the age of 7, since they are more susceptible to lead, pesticides, and a number of safety hazards.

r1.4

Investigate the environmental problems in your home and reduce them. Including exposure to triggers for allergies and asthma, hazardous household products, dust, odors, combustion gases. Low level, long-term exposure to chemicals and other pollutants may lead to fatigue, depressed immune system, headaches, and other ailments.

r1.5

Take a CPR class (cardiopulmonary resuscitation) and techniques for infants and children. CPR and First Aid classes are offered for a small fee through your local American Red Cross.

r1.6

Reduce allergy or asthma triggers like dust, molds, cockroaches, pet dander, and household products with strong odors, tobacco smoke, and other airborne chemicals. Symptoms may include frequent sneezing, runny nose, itchy eyes and rashes that can develop into a chronic respiratory condition.

r1.7

Reduce exposure to tobacco smoke and products with toxic chemicals and irritants. Secondhand smoke (or environmental tobacco smoke -ETS) also contains many toxic chemicals, some of which may be carcinogens, and inhaling it can make asthma worse. Ear infections are also linked to exposure to secondhand smoke. Common symptoms of smoke irritation are burning or watery eyes, nasal congestion, coughing, hoarseness and shortness of breathe. Avoiding the use of tobacco products in home also reduces the risks that children become smokers, nicotine poisoning by small children eating tobacco products, and fires started by small children that have access to lighted cigarettes, matches, and lighters. Ask smokers kindly but firmly to smoke outdoors so household members aren’t exposed; wash your hands after smoking. Smoke odors and particles cling to skin, hair, and clothes. If you smoke, get support from your family and a health care provider if needed.

r1.8

Reduce exposure to pet dander and pests. Dander is small pieces of dried skin that has been shed. Dander from cats is a particularly potent allergen and affects more people than other animal allergens. Dander can collect on clothing, surfaces, or become trapped in materials such as carpet, bedding and upholstery. Pets can also bring dust (also lead-contaminated dust), pests, and possibly other outdoor contaminants (pesticides, pollens, etc.) into the house. Practice:

· Frequent bathing of the pet (although bathing can increase drying and shedding of skin).

· Thorough cleaning of surfaces and materials to remove dander, hair, fleas, and other contaminants. Sensitive individuals should not be present during cleaning.

· Maintaining bird cages. Do not allow children to handle droppings (those can carry disease).

· Washing pet bedding, vacuum nearby floors, and use flea combs often to control fleas. Use other lower-toxicity flea control measures, such as citrus oils and soap.

· Removal of fleecy or fabric materials in rooms where pets sleep or spend time

· Not allowing pets on furniture or beds (those used by individuals with allergies or asthma).

· Keeping pets out of rooms where persons with allergies and asthma spend time.

· Reduce movement of pets from outside to inside of home to avoid bringing fleas into home.

· Keeping pets outside. Provide another warm, dry shelter in a garage, shed, etc. An option may be to find another good home for the pet.

r1.9

Prevent and remove cockroaches and rodents and their allergens because they can trigger allergies and asthma. To kill cockroaches, place bait stations (brand names: Maxforce, Combat, Avert) or boric acid where cockroaches have been seen, but out of the reach of children. Avoid contacting rodent bodies when removing. Take proper precautions during clean-up of areas with rodents to avoid diseases (e.g., hantavirus) carried by the pests. See the comic book “una casa libre de problemas respiratorios” for more information.

· Reduce clutter (papers, boxes, debris) to minimize hiding places and shelter.

· Eliminate food (unwashed dishes, open containers) and water (drips, leaks) sources.

· Block or caulk any openings in walls, floors, under sinks to keep pests from entering.

r1.10

Reduce exposure to dust mites in mattresses, bedding, upholstered furniture, carpets, and curtains. Dust mites live happily in warm, humid places. People with allergies or asthma often have strong reactions to dust mite allergens. The following recommendations might help reduce the exposure to dust mites:

· Consider removing carpeting, stuffed toys, and upholstered furniture from the sensitive person's bedroom. Vacuum remaining carpets, furniture, and other fabric surfaces weekly -- twice weekly in the bedrooms of those with asthma and allergies. Use high efficiency filters in the vacuum. Damp mop hard floors and damp wipe surfaces frequently to pick up the dust instead of moving it around your house. Also, use allergy-control covers on pillows and mattresses.

· Wash sheets and stuffed animals weekly in hot water (greater than 130°F). Wash pillows and blankets every two weeks. If the house water temperature is kept below 130°F to prevent scalding (120° to 125°F is a good range to prevent scalding), consider washing bedding at a Laundromat that has hot water. If clothes are dried in a dryer, use the high heat cycle.

· Reduce humidity at home. Dust mites do not thrive in low humidity.

r1.11

Control moisture and molds. Mold needs food, a moisture source, and proper temperature to grow. If moisture is available molds can thrive and multiply. Mold spores are tiny and lightweight, and can become airborne. Find and fix water leaks due to plumbing, poor drainage, or leaks in roofs or foundation walls; use an exhaust fan or open windows to remove moisture from cooking, bathing, or laundering; remove and discard moldy materials. For hard surfaces, scrub thoroughly with detergent to remove the mold or use a chlorine bleach solution (3 tablespoons bleach per quart water) to kill the mold. Do not mix products containing chlorine (bleach) with products containing ammonia(toxic gases can be produced). For fabric or fleecy materials, the contaminated material should be dried and cleaned within 48 hours of becoming wet; otherwise, mold growth may be a continued problem in the material. Moisture and water can cause paint to peel, flake and bubble, and wall paper to detach from the wall surface.

r1.12

Reduce strong odors and fragrances For some people, strong odors and fragrances (perfumes, softeners, air fresheners, incense, and candles) can trigger allergic reactions and asthma. Eliminate or use less of a product or a different one that has fewer odors. Use an exhaust fan or opening windows to remove the odors from the building. Avoid the use of fragrances to cover up odors.

r1.13

Minimize exposure to pollens. Pollens from surrounding outdoor sources can affect sensitive individuals. Pollen particles can enter homes along with outdoor air from outdoor air through open windows and doors or be tracked in on shoes, clothing and pets. Leave the area during raking, mowing, or gardening. Keep doors and windows closed during the pollen season if possible. Don't dry the sensitive person's laundry outdoors. Also minimize the number of times pets go in and out. Clean frequently and thoroughly and use high efficiency filters in the vacuum. If you have a forced-air furnace, use compatible high efficiency air filters to remove more small particles from the air. Consider using a portable air cleaner (not an ozone generator),

r2.1

Raise indoor temperatures. Try to keep temperatures in the areas above 60°F to avoid mold. Raise indoor temperatures by adjusting the thermostat, opening doors, opening heating valves or grilles, adding safe, supplemental heat, or improving insulation in walls and ceilings. Maintain suitable indoor temperatures and humidity. When indoor temperatures remain below 60°F for extended periods, it is more likely that moisture will condense on cool indoor surfaces and lead to mold growth. Likewise, indoor humidity levels above 50% encourage dust mite growth, while levels above 60% stimulate moisture condensation and mold growth. Therefore, try to maintain indoor humidity below 50%.

r2.2

Increase ventilation with outdoor air. Operate exhaust fans or open windows whenever weather, outdoors pollution levels, and security considerations permit. However, minimize outdoor ventilation during windy and dusty periods.

r 2.3

Reduce moisture sources and review the paint and wall paper. Windows that are frequently fogged on the inside usually indicate a strong moisture source inside the building, such as leaks, flooding, or cooking and bathing activities. Open your windows while cooking and bathing. Also consider using a dehumidifier in the home. Peeling paint and/or wallpaper that has become detached is often caused by a moisture or water problem. Try to determine if the peeling paint is the result of a moisture or water problem and fix it.

r2.4

Limit the number of plants. Plants can collect dust that is hard to clean. Watering the plants increases the moisture in the air of a home, and the moist soil around the plants can allow mold to grow. Both the dust and the mold can cause respiratory difficulties for sensitive individuals and asthmatics. Avoid over-watering and consider limiting the number of plants in the house, or removing plants from the bedrooms of sensitive individuals.

r2.5

If someone has symptoms, consider formaldehyde testing and control. It is a colorless, pungent smelling gas that can cause watery eyes, burning sensations in the eyes and throat, nausea, and difficulty in breathing in some people. It is considered by the EPA to be a probable carcinogen. Sources include building materials, pressed wood furniture, fabrics, smoking, household products, and unvented combustion appliances. High formaldehyde levels are more likely to be in new buildings and materials that diminish as those products are older.

r2.6

If you suspect the presence of asbestos, consider testing and control. Asbestos is a mineral fiber used in some construction materials for insulation and as a fire retardant. It can cause lung cancer. Smoking combined with exposure to asbestos increases the risk of lung cancer. Today, asbestos is most commonly found in older homes in pipe and furnace insulation materials, “popcorn” ceilings, and floor tiles. Some remodeling practices such as cutting or sanding may disturb the asbestos and release asbestos fibers into the air. If asbestos is left undisturbed the fibers will not release into the air.

r2.7

Minimize use of candles. The smoke contains very small particles and metals, such as lead. These materials can be breathed into the lungs or collect on surfaces in the home where children can get them on their hands and then put them into their mouths.

r2.8

Young children living in older or remodeled homes are exposed to lead, allergens, pesticides, and other toxic chemicals can cause allergies, asthma attacks, learning disabilities, and possibly cancer. Make sure children eat nutritious, low fat meals high in iron and calcium -- children with good diets absorb less lead. Paint, drinking water, lead crystal and pottery, vinyl mini-blinds, hobbies plus the paint peeling from your dwelling or neighboring buildings, emissions from automobiles that used leaded gasoline, smelters, and some abandoned industrial or commercial facilities may have lead. Some candies and herbs can contain lead. Be sure to avoid products warned by the health department as potential lead-based ingredients or containers.

r2.9

Have children’s blood tested for lead, between the ages of 6 months or 6 years, who may have been exposed to lead. Check with your local health department to schedule an appointment for a lead test for your young children. Call the Department of Health of New Mexico, Health Office in Sunland Park at (505) 589-2530.

r2.10

Buildings constructed before 1980 may have a lead paint problem in outdoor and indoor surfaces. Although the federal government banned lead-based paint from housing in 1978, this paint may have still been available and used. Especially in the areas close to walls, where lead is present in dust.

r2.11

Test for lead in paint. If necessary, remove or repair damaged paint. Lead-based paint that is covered by several layers and is in good shape usually poses little risk. However, peeling, chipping, chalking, or cracking lead-based paint is a hazard and needs immediate attention. Lead-based paint may also be a hazard if it is in a place that children can chew on or that gets a lot of wear-and-tear. The paint dust from opening doors and windows may be invisible. If you rent, notify your landlord of peeling or chipping paint. Have a professional test for lead in paint. Clean up paint chips immediately. Call EPA’s lead hotline at 800-424-LEAD or the Sunland Park Health Office of the New Mexico Department of Health at (505) 589-2530, or El Paso County Health Department at (915) 543-3526.

r2.12

Test for lead in soil – keep children off soil – avoid track-in of lead-contaminated dust. If lead-based paint was removed from your building or the next door building paint particles may have contaminated the soil near your dwelling. Children should not play in the nearby soil –if there is grass they can play more safely there. Use doormats at the entrances and vacuum them often.

r2.13

Follow special remodeling precautions. Special procedures should be followed during remodeling or repainting of buildings suspected to contain lead-based paint or asbestos. Check with your health of environmental department for information about remodeling precautions at the New Mexico Environmental Department at 800-219-6157 or (505) 827-2855 for more information about how to reduce lead exposure during remodeling.

r2.14

Reduce track-in of dust and lead dust. Wiping the bottom of your shoes on the mat will reduce dust significantly. Almost the 70 to 95% of dust on the floor comes into a house on shoes. Keep doormats clean by vacuuming them often and at both sides.

r2.15

Test for lead –clean frequently and thoroughly. Remodeling and paint removal can produce small-lead contaminated particles and dust that settle on surfaces, furniture and carpeting in the home. Consider having a professional lead test performed on dust and other materials in your home. Conduct thorough and frequent cleanings to remove particles and dust.

r2.16

Test old painted toys and furniture for lead. Lead exposure is of highest concern for children under 7 years old. Some old painted toys and furniture may contain lead-based paint. If you have toys or furniture such as these, you may want to consider having them tested for lead.

r2.17

Remove vinyl blinds that may contain lead. Use only mini-blinds that are lead-free. When exposed to sunlight and heat, vinyl blinds that contain lead can produce lead dust, which is easy for children to swallow when playing indoors.

r2.18

Pesticides are poisons. Reduce exposure to the irritating and toxic chemicals found in pesticides. This approach is known as Integrated Pest Management. It involves eliminating sources of food and water for the pests, sealing openings that the pests use to enter the building, and using non-toxic methods, such as helpful insects and hand-weeding outdoors, and baits and traps indoors. Buy native plants that grow well in your climate and have natural pest defenses. Call the El Paso Poison Control Center at (915)534-3800 or 800-222-1222.

r2.19

Limit the use of pesticides. Used on a regular schedule means using more than is needed. Use the least toxic compound in the smallest quantities and follow the label directions.

r2.20

Do not permit play near pesticide-treated areas. Pesticides applied to plants or surfaces outside the building for weed or insect control can linger for a minimum of 3 days so pesticides can be inhaled, swallowed, or absorbed through the skin.

r2.21

Wear appropriate protective gear when applying pesticides (gloves, hat, long sleeved shirt, long pants, etc.). When you are done, store the gear out of reach of children. Wash hands and any exposed skin before contact with food or children.

r2.22

Help neighbors to limit use of pesticides. If pesticides drift onto your property, they can cause harm to your family. Speak to your neighbors about precautions in the use of pesticides and less toxic ways to reduce pests.

r2.23

Eliminate pests -- remove attractants -- seal entry points. Use bait stations or boric acid for cockroaches and mechanical traps for rodents. Eliminate nesting materials, and sources of moisture and food. Seal openings into the attic, basement, or crawlspace that can allow entry for birds, rodents, and insects. All vent openings should be protected by sturdy, thin wire mesh with no larger than 1/4 inch spacing. Seal any gaps greater than 1/4 inch with a rodent resistant material such as brass scrub pad or concrete patch. Use silicone caulk to seal smaller openings. Mix boric acid with peanut butter or sugar and place it in hidden and dark places away from children and pets, this will help to reduce cockroaches and rodents in a less toxic way. Read the comic book “una casa libre de problemas respiratorios.”

r2.24

Repair or replace damaged screens. Damaged window screens can allow insects, rodents, and birds to enter the home. The sharp edges can also injure children.

r3.1

Precautions with wall-to-wall and on slab carpet because they gather dust and other settled contaminants, and it is more difficult to clean than hard surfaces. These contaminants can be stirred up into the air and cause respiratory irritation for sensitive individuals; they are also a good food source for developing molds. However, periodic vacuum and deep carpet cleaning, such as hot water or 'steam' extraction, is recommended. Carpeted concrete floors that are above a water source, or have poor drainage underneath or around the edge are more likely to develop moisture condensation and mold growth in the carpet, carpet pad, and on the concrete floor.

r3.2

Consider removing old wall-to-wall carpeting. Dust, mold spores, pet dander, dust mite allergens, and pesticides settle in carpets and, because it can be difficult to clean carpets thoroughly, they accumulate as the carpet ages. Consider removing old carpet, to alleviate asthma or allergies. However, since new carpets may have high levels of chemicals that may be hazardous when breathed, consider buying 'green label' carpet, airing out new carpet in a garage or other unoccupied space before installing, or installing hard surface flooring (tile, wood, etc.).

r3.3

Shag and plush carpets. Level loop carpets (tight weave) tend to hold less dirt and dust and are easier to clean rather than plush or shag. Carpet with cloth backing rather than rubber and with low Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) levels reduce the toxic compounds you breathe.

r4.1

Increase frequency of cleaning. Vacuum carpets, furniture, and other fabric surfaces to remove dust, mites and other debris. If anyone has asthma, carpets should be vacuumed once a week, and bedroom carpets twice a week. Use high efficiency filters in the vacuum to trap the particles and keep them from being blown back into the room. Damp mop hard floors and damp wipe surfaces frequently to pick up the dust instead of moving it around your house. If there is lead in the home, store mops, rags, and buckets so that they are inaccessible to children.

r4.2

Perform thorough cleaning. A very thorough cleaning of all surfaces at least twice per year can reduce accumulated dust, dust mites, and pet dander so that less is available to irritate sensitive individuals. Pay special attention to vacuuming upholstered furniture (use high efficiency filters/bags on the vacuum) and consider removing very old cloth-covered furniture.

r4.3

Clean area rugs thoroughly. It can be done by laundering in a washing machine, having them picked up and cleaned by a professional rug cleaning service, or vacuuming both sides of area rugs. Turn rugs carefully to avoid stirring up dust. Vacuuming the underside will more thoroughly remove the dirt and dust. Vacuum up the dirt on the floor, then flip it.

r4.4

Use higher efficiency vacuum bags. A dusty odor when vacuuming is usually caused by very fine particles that are not captured and held by the filter/bag, but are blown back into the room. When anyone, especially children or people with asthma, breathe in this dust it can cause irritation to the lungs. Use high efficiency bags, labeled 'microfiltration' or 'HEPA', that can be purchased at most retail stores like Wal-Mart or Target. These bags will cut down on the amount of dust released into the indoor air. Check bag and/or belt monthly. Replace bag when half full.

r4.5

Remove and wash work clothes separately. Don't wear dirty work clothes in the house. Take them off when you get home and wash them separately from other clothes to reduce chance of contaminating other clothing.

r4.6

Remove or thoroughly clean old cloth-covered furniture. Dust, dust mites, and pet dander will build up in old cloth furniture and may cause asthmatics and people with allergies to sneeze, wheeze, and have difficulty breathing. Pay special attention to vacuuming upholstered furniture and consider removing or replacing very old cloth-covered furniture. Use high efficiency filters in the vacuum.

r5.1

Exposure to hazardous materials can happen by swallowing, inhaling, or by absorption by the skin of cleaners, art and hobby supplies. Accidental swallowing and strong odors and fragrances are the most likely cause of trouble for children. Keep children away from areas where hazardous materials or pesticides are used and store all hazardous materials in locked cabinets. Avoid children smelling strong odors, specially those with asthma or sensitivities. When they play with paints and markers, children are likely to put them in their mouths or decorate their hands and faces. Make sure children use only products that are non-toxic and be sure that they wash their hands after playing with any art materials.

r5.2

Secure tobacco, alcohol, and medicine in locked cabinets, since children explore by putting things in their mouth, and by mimicking adult behaviors. Overdoses of medicine or swallowing tobacco products or cigarette butts can be toxic and/or fatal to children 6 years old or younger.

r5.3

Consider using less-hazardous products. Substitute unscented and non irritating products, use water based, low toxicity paints and marking pens; use non-toxic cleaning products (baking soda, white vinegar, liquid soap; and don't overuse any product. Vent thoroughly if used.

r5.4

Use outdoors or with more ventilation. Even if children are not using the products themselves, the fumes and odors can be strong enough to trigger asthma attacks and cause other adverse health reactions. Use hazardous products outdoors, provide more ventilation by opening two windows and using a fan, or use in an area with an exhaust fan operating. Avoid children to be close or smell these strong odors.

r5.5

Wear gloves and goggles to avoid contact with these materials and to keep children from contacting the product on your hands, when using corrosive products or pesticides. When you are done, rinse, remove gloves, and store out of reach of children, or discard.

r5.6

Don’t mix hazardous products. Some mixtures of hazardous products can be flammable, explosive or give off toxic gases/fumes. Be especially careful not to mix products containing ammonia with products containing chlorine (bleach, some cleansers).

r5.7

Store flammable materials away from fire and heat to avoid the risk of leaks or fumes from flammable materials being ignited, move flammable materials away from fire or source of heat.

r5.8

Make hazardous products inaccessible by moving these products above the reach of children, and place in a storage cabinet with a lock, preferably above floor level. Where possible, remove hazardous products from the living space.

r5.9

Store hazardous products safely. Never store hazardous products in juice, soft drinks, or milk bottles. It is easy for children to mistake poisons for beverages when they are in familiar drink containers. Even in an inaccessible and locked cabinet, leaking fluids from damaged containers can come into contact with children.

r5.10

Dispose of unsafe products properly. Never dispose pesticides or hazardous products down a septic (toilet or sink) or storm sewer drain, in the trash, or dumped on the ground. Follow label instructions when disposing of these products. Use them up (if they haven't been banned since their purchase) or take them to a hazardous waste collection site. Contact the New Mexico Toxic landfill for a schedule to dispose these products appropriately at (505) 589-9440.

r5.11

Post poison control number near phone. This could save your child life if your child is poisoned. Call immediately the El Paso Poison Control Center at (915)534-3800 or 800-222-1222. The information you will receive may save their life.

r5.12

Improve storage of hazardous chemicals in garage/storage buildings. Consider ventilating garages or detached storage buildings to the outside if hazardous chemicals or gas powered tools or vehicles are stored o started there. Make sure hazardous chemicals and pesticides are securely stored in original containers that don't have leaks.

r5.13

Hazardous art and hobby products include adhesives, paints, spray coatings, markers, photography chemicals, and many specialized products for different hobbies. Other countries do not have the same safety regulations as the US; it is safest to buy art materials made in the US. Of special concern is lead from soldering activities and products used by children, since children are more susceptible to toxic chemicals than adults. Products that are used often and in unventilated areas can be very dangerous. It is best to engage in these activities out of the living area: outdoors, or in a ventilated garage, shed, or room separate from the home.

r6.1

Adjust hot water temperature. Hot water below 110°F is not hot enough to kill all the disease organisms that may be in the water, and is also less effective for cleaning and proper hand washing. However, at temperatures of 130°F, and above, the risk of scalding increases, especially for children, disabled, and the elderly. Water temperatures between 110° and 130°F are required to kill dust mites during washing of bedding, rugs, etc. Therefore, in homes where dust mite control is important, temperatures should be kept at 130°F, while in other homes, 120° to 125°F may be a better setting. Also, anti-scalding devices can be installed on faucets, bathtub, and showers. Bedding could also be washed at a laundromat where hot water is available.

r6.2

Consider testing for lead in water. Some water pipes, fittings, and fixtures may contain lead. The lead may leach out of pipes into tap water. Contact your water supplier for information about the likelihood of lead in the water pipes and the plumbing and consider having your water tested for lead.

r6.3

Reduce lead in the drinking water. If you suspect that you have lead in your house plumbing, or are unsure, and water hasn’t been used in 6 hours, flush pipes by running cold water for at least 2 minutes. Use only cold water for drinking, cooking, and especially for making baby formula. Hot water is more likely to leach lead from pipes.

r6.4

Test water if unusual smell, taste, or appearance. If your water has any of these characteristics, it should be tested. Consult a testing laboratory or public health/environmental agency for advice on specific tests.

r6.5

Test water periodically. Conditions in and out wells can change over time, since may happen some chemical spills, and neighboring septic systems that develop leaks, or are over-loaded Therefore, periodic testing of private wells can help to identify hazardous pollutants that have entered the well or water table.

r6.6

Secure a supply of safe drinking water. If the drinking water has been contaminated, prompt action may be necessary. Get water for drinking and cooking from an uncontaminated source or to use bottled water. Also minimize showers (they could release water contaminants into the air)

r7.1

Install and test smoke detectors to alert your family to possible fires in the dwelling, equip your home with at least one smoke detector on each floor, preferably located outside the bedrooms. Test them monthly and replace batteries twice a year.

r7.2

Install a fire extinguisher for the kitchen. If the fire has already begun to spread or the fire extinguisher was unable to extinguish the fire, evacuate the building and contact the fire department. Remember, fires can spread very rapidly--they may double in size every minute-- and quickly block exists and escape paths.

r7.3

Cover unused electrical outlets with safety caps to prevent small children from inserting their fingers or metal objects and being injured from electrical shock.

r7.4

Tie up long cords. Keep window covering cords out of reach of children. They can become entangled in the cords and strangled.

r8.1

Reduce the refrigerator temperature to 35° - 40°F. Disease-causing bacteria grow more rapidly in food stored in refrigerators with temperatures greater than 45°F.

r8.2

Lower freezer temperature to 0°F, or lower. The freezer temperature should be 0°F, or lower, to keep foods fresh and safe for an extended period of time.

r8.3

Clean refrigerator coils and drip pan more frequently. The coils, usually located on the back or bottom of the refrigerator, should be cleaned periodically (preferably at least every 6 months) -- this is accomplished most easily with a vacuum cleaner. The drip pan, often found under the refrigerator or near the motor, collects moisture produced during operation of the refrigerator and allows it to re-evaporate back into the room. Water standing in this pan is an ideal place for molds and slimes to grow. When the pan dries, these become airborne and act as a potential allergen to many people. Therefore, the pan should be removed and cleaned along with the coils.

r8.4

Repair water leaks and remove or repair damaged material to reduce mold growth and places for roaches to live (warm, moist, and dark areas and in cracks less than 3/16 inch wide).

r8.5

Reduce moisture in kitchen. Fogging of kitchen windows probably means that large amounts of moisture are being produced in the kitchen. Reduce kitchen humidity by covering pots, opening windows, or using the exhaust fan above the stove.

r8.6

Child-proof cabinets. To keep small children from getting into hazardous materials, secured the cabinets with devices that they are unable to open. Rubber bands can be removed easily by children and are not secure. Consider storing materials in high cabinets above floor level.

r8.7

Unvented combustion appliances. Kitchen stoves and ovens that use gas, propane or wood can give off hazardous combustion gases and particles. For example, carbon monoxide (CO) can have short-term health effects and at high levels can cause death; nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) can cause respiratory irritation and long-term respiratory problems; and wood smoke can cause cancer. Cooking appliances are usually not vented to the outdoors. They are safe if they are properly tuned and an open window or exhaust fan is available to remove the gases and particles.

r8.8

Tune stove or oven burners. A properly tuned gas from stove and oven produces a steady blue flame resulting in small amounts of carbon monoxide. Large amounts of carbon monoxide is produced if the gas shows a flickering or steady bright yellow or orange colors (dirty burners and gas being supplied at too high a pressure).

r8.9

Install and use kitchen exhaust fan/range hood vented to the outdoors. Turn the fan always when the cook top or ovens are used. This will improve indoor air quality by removing odors and moisture produced during cooking, as well as the more hazardous combustion pollutants such as fine particles and carbon monoxide. If there is no fan, open kitchen windows during cooking.

r8.10

Clean or repair/replace kitchen exhaust fan. A fan that is dirty or is not working properly will not be able to remove odors, moisture and pollutants from the range and oven.

r8.11

Clean up to avoid roach and rodent problems.

a) Bags of flour, sugar, open boxes of cereal, etc. should be sealed in durable plastic, metal, glass, or ceramic containers. Frequently wash off kitchen counters and table with a clean damp sponge.

b) Avoid leaving empty pop bottles and cans, litter, or unwashed dishes around.

c) Eliminate water leaks, drips, or standing water.

e) Store garbage in a container with a tight fitting lid. Mop the kitchen floor every week.

r8.12

Store hazardous products away from food to avoid contamination. In addition, many chemicals look like food and can be easily mistaken (mothballs and gumdrops, apple juice and wood cleaner, mouthwash and window cleaner).

r8.13

Never use insect sprays around food. The pesticides can contaminate containers, plates, utensils, and then be eaten along with food. Don’t spray kitchen counters for roaches or other pests. Use sprays as a last resort. Also, avoid spraying pesticides near toys or other items that small children tend to take to their mouths.

r9.1

Raise temperature of closet. To reduce moisture and mold problems in closets, consider leaving closet doors open or ajar to warm closet walls, especially on outside walls of the home. Leaving an approved ceiling light on in the closet may also be enough to raise the temperature there.

r9.2

Consider removing carpeting, stuffed toys, or upholstered furniture. These furnishings can collect dust, dander, and dust mites and can aggravate the health conditions of individuals with asthma or allergies.

r9.3

Consider purchasing allergy control covers for pillows and/or mattresses (available in some department and bedding stores or from specialty supply mail order companies). Encasing pillows and mattresses will significantly reduce exposure to dust mites and their allergen.

r9.4

Keep pets out of bedrooms. Reducing exposure to pet dander during sleeping hours can reduce symptoms for people with asthma and allergies.

r9.5

Consider using a portable air cleaner to reduce airborne dust and some allergens that are triggers for people with allergies or asthma. The devices must be regularly maintained (usually replacement of filters) to continue to operate properly. Avoid devices that produce ozone.

r9.6

Open bedroom windows while sleeping to reduce indoor pollution levels. When the outdoor air has high pollen/dust levels, do not open windows where individuals with allergies or asthma are.

r9.7

Air out dry cleaned clothes. Remove plastic bag coverings and air out dry-cleaned clothing outdoors (or in a garage, to avoid collecting pollens or dust on the clothing if the wearer has allergies or asthma) before storing in closets. Dry clean only those clothes that require its use. As an alternative to dry cleaning some businesses now offer wet cleaning processes that do not use toxic chemicals, but still clean all types of clothing.

r9.8

Air out any clothing stored in mothballs. Avoid breathing in mothball chemicals; they are possible carcinogens. Mothballs can be mistaken for gum drops or other candy by small children. Keep out of reach of children. Consider alternatives to mothballs, such as cedar chips and strips.

r10.1

Consider installing a bathroom exhaust fan. To reduce moisture and mold, install a bathroom exhaust fan that is properly vented to the outdoors and preferably connected to a timer. Another option is to always open a window after a shower or a bath.

r10.2

Clean or repair/replace bathroom exhaust fan. Fans that are dirty or are not working properly will not remove the moisture from the bathroom.

r10.3

Use exhaust fan while bathing. If a timer is available, continue operating the fan for 30 minutes after bathing. These procedures will help remove moisture produced during and after baths or showers, and will limit mold growth. Also use a squeegee to wipe down shower walls and tub.

r10.4

Vent clothes dryers to the outdoors. The exhaust from clothes dryers contains large amounts of moisture, lint fibers and particles. Gas dryers also produce combustion pollutants, with carbon monoxide as of special concern. When vented to an indoor or enclosed space, the accumulation of moisture can cause mold problems to develop, and build-up of lint can create a fire hazard.

r10.5

Do not hang wet laundry indoors to dry. Moisture from wet laundry can raise indoor humidity levels, causing moisture problems and mold to grow. If possible, use a clothes dryer vented to the outside, hang clothes outdoors or hang clothes in a bathroom with the exhaust fan on.

r11.1

Combustion appliances (gas or propane stove or furnace, fireplace etc.) need air to burn their fuel. If that air is being drawn from inside the home, then a combustion appliance causes outdoor air to be pulled in through cracks around windows and doors. Even properly operating combustion appliances produce small amounts of carbon monoxide and other pollutant gases. But in faulty appliances, these pollutants can be produced in much larger quantities. Carbon monoxide is a colorless, odorless gas that interferes with the delivery of oxygen throughout the body. At high concentrations it can cause unconsciousness and death. Lower concentrations can cause dizziness, headaches, weakness, nausea, confusion, and disorientation. Carbon monoxide from improperly operating combustion appliances causes many deaths every heating season. Some air conditioning equipment that operates by burning gas also has the potential for causing a carbon monoxide problem during warm weather.

r11.2

Don't heat your home with unvented combustion appliances that release dangerous pollutants, including carbon monoxide, directly into the dwelling. They should not be used to heat the home. Vent or remove kerosene or portable propane heaters in the home. Do not use a cooking stove to heat your home. Burning charcoal generates large amounts of carbon monoxide.

r11.3

Regularly inspect and clean chimney to make sure that the chimney can remove smoke and hazardous gases from the firebox. Cleaning also reduces the risk of chimney fires.

r11.4

Inspect wood stove and/or fireplace. If you can see or smell smoke inside the dwelling during use of a fireplace or wood stove (after initial start-up), it usually means the device is not venting properly. Opening a nearby window during use of the fireplace or wood stove, sometimes helps. Consider repairing or replacing wood stove or venting equipment, or using it less.

r11.5

Limit storage of firewood indoors. No more than 2 days. Wood can increase the indoor moisture levels and may be a source of insects and molds, and a nesting place for rodents.

r11.6

Use gas log fireplaces only if they are properly vented. Gas log fireplaces are often not vented or the fireplace damper has been closed or sealed. Have the device professionally inspected.

r11.7

Inspect and repair damaged vent pipe that can cause combustion gases, including carbon monoxide, to leak into the living space. Call a qualified heating specialist to inspect/repair.

r11.8

Inspect for leaking fuel or gases. Leaking fuels (including heating oil, natural gas and propane) can lead to fires or explosions. Have heating equipment checked for proper operation by a heating specialist. Call the gas company immediately if you smell propane or natural gas.

r11.9

Consider professional testing for back drafting and spillage. Indoor air quality researchers suspect that much of the heating equipment in homes has a problem with proper venting of hazardous combustion gases. Typical problems include: “Spillage”: when the gases do not enter the vent (chimney) but "spill" into the home for a prolonged time after start-up, and "Back drafting": when pressures in the house cause air to move down the vent and into the house rather than pulling the combustion gases out of the building.

r11.10

Install carbon monoxide alarm/detector. A CO alarm should be installed near each separate bedroom area. The best location for the alarm is at the entryway to the most frequently-used bedroom of an adult. It can be purchased at many retail or hardware stores for $25-35.

r11.11

Take prompt action, call immediately for emergency services. If the CO alarm has sounded, it has indicated the presence of dangerous levels of CO. If anyone has symptoms of CO poisoning, then determine if everyone in the home is accounted for, evacuate the home, and call from outside the home for emergency medical and repair services. If the alarm sounds, open all doors and windows, turn off all CO sources (furnaces, stoves, heaters, fireplaces, etc.), and call immediately for an emergency service visit by a specialist to inspect the possible causes of high CO levels. Do not wait for the alarm to sound again before calling.

r11.12

Look for cause of odors. The moldy or dusty odors that you smell when the heating or cooling equipment is on could be related to moisture, mold, or dirt in the system. If the problem persists, it is advisable to call a qualified heating and cooling specialist to inspect the equipment. Dusty odors when an electric baseboard, steam, or hot water system starts up indicate a need to vacuum around the finned radiators. This will also improve efficiency.

r11.13

Should your ducts be cleaned? Ductwork can collect dirt, dust, and debris. If moisture is also available, mold can grow. The EPA does not recommend that ducts be cleaned, except on an as-needed basis. It is normal to have some dust in ducts. You may want to consider having your ducts cleaned if they are visibly contaminated with substantial mold growth, pests or vermin, or are clogged with large deposits of dust or debris.

r11.14

Replace air filters more frequently in the heating/cooling equipment to get rid of the dirt and contaminants that were removed from the air and captured by the filter, and to keep the heating/cooling equipment operating efficiently. At least once each year, and if air conditioning is also used, the air filters should be replaced at least one more time each year. They will remove more of the fine particles that can get into your lungs. Pleated filters are becoming available in common sizes and are more efficient than the inexpensive, flat fiberglass filters. Consult with a heating/cooling contractor on upgrading your filters, or visit a local building supply store (Sears, Target, etc.) to make your own selection.

r11.15

Service heating equipment regularly. A heating specialist should inspect, clean, and if necessary, adjust/repair all heating equipment (including hot water tank) at least once each year (preferably before the winter season). This routine maintenance will improve the equipment's performance, reduce its production of pollutants, and correct other hazardous conditions before they get worse.

r11.16

Service cooling equipment regularly by a specialist at least once each cooling season to remove unwanted sources and accumulated moisture, and mold/bacterial growth. If not properly maintained, water can blow into ducts, overflow or leak from plugged or rusty drip pans. This will cause mold to grow in ducts and other equipment components, on coils, in drip pans, and on evaporative cooler pads. The cooling pan in evaporative cooling units should be inspected monthly during cooling season (can often be performed by occupants).

r12.1

Correct specific drainage problem. Drainage problems can allow water to enter the building, attract pests, and encourage molds to grow. You may need qualified professional assistance.

r12.2

Repair roof leaks. Water can travel many feet from a roof leak causing building materials in attics and ceilings to become wet (often in places you can't see). Repair leaks or the roof. Change the roof if necessary.

r12.3

Maintain and clean gutters, canales, and downspouts that can cause water to back up and spill onto the building or seep into the building structure. Inspect and clean those regularly.

r12.4

Repair or install downspouts, because water can splash onto the building and puddle near the foundation. These puddles can cause problems such as leaks or dampness in the foundation materials. Repair or attach downspouts, extending them away from the building.

r12.5

Improve drainage. The soil and other materials near the building (including sidewalks and patios) should be graded with a slope that drains water away from the building.

r12.6

Correct other water problems. Persistent wind-driven rain, elevated water tables, and plumbing leaks are other causes of water damage to the home. Professional assistance may be necessary.

r13.1

Make sure the play area is safe. There can be many hazardous conditions in outdoor play areas. To avoid accidents and exposures for children, remove dangerous items from play area such as trash, tools, old appliances, refrigerators, coolers, vehicles, furniture, etc. that can cause physical injury, or health problems if the children play with them or eat or get into contact with them.

r13.2

Fence the play area. Play areas that are near streets or parking lots, railroad tracks, or a pond or other water source need to be fenced so children are kept away from these hazards.

r13.3

Protect against drowning accidents in swimming pools, hot tubs and Jacuzzis. Those should be guarded with a 6ft. high fence with a locked gate so children cannot access. The drain gate covering for a hot tub, Jacuzzi should be securely in place and in good condition. An emergency cut-off switch for the circulation pump motor should be visible. Toddlers can fall head first into a bucket and not be able to get out, so basins with water should be removed.

r13.4

Correct traps and suffocations hazards. Remove and properly dispose if abandoned appliances with doors (such as refrigerators, freezers, and stoves) that child may play in or on. Until old or abandoned appliances are properly disposed of, their doors must be either permanently closed or modified so they can’t be completely closed.

r13.5

Install safe railings on all elevated surfaces such as platforms and ramps to prevent falls. Space posts closer than 3 ½ in. or farther than 9 in. so children’s heads will not be trapped in the gap.

r13.6

Learn which plants are poisonous. Learn about them and teach children not to touch or eat any plant until they show it to you and get your approval.

r13.7

Keep safe the playground equipment, spaced at least 9 ft. apart to allow children space to circulate or fall without hitting anything. Moving pieces should be located away from other play structures so children have adequate room to pass from one play area to another without being struck by a moving swing or by another child exiting from a slide.

r13.8

Maintain and repair the playground equipment twice a year and check for those bolts, rusty, damaged parts, rotting or torn swing seats, or added ropes or other strangulation hazards, etc. Wood equipment may need special attention, such as sanding and resealing in the spring and fall to reduce splinter hazards to children.

r13.9

Remove or repair dangerous parts. Prevent sharp edges that could cut skin. All protruding bolts should be shortened and/or covered, with no dangerous pieces at the top or the bottom of swings. These can cut, puncture, or catch clothing drawstrings, which could strangle a child.

r13.10

Maintain a good landing surface made of a material that softens impacts and reduces injuries. The materials should be approximately 9 in. deep and extend 6 ft. beyond the equipment on all sides. Use sand, wood and chips. Inspect it regularly to check for shifting and thin spots.

r14.1

Understand and acknowledge the outdoor air quality. Air pollution from outdoors can make asthma symptoms worse and trigger attacks. Air pollution can make it harder to breathe. It can also cause other symptoms, like coughing, wheezing, chest discomfort, and burning feeling in the lungs. Two key air pollutants can affect asthma: one is ozone (found in smog) and the other is particle pollution (found in haze, smoke, and dust).

r14.2

Know when and where air pollution may be bad for outdoor activities. Ozone is often worst in hot summer days, especially in the afternoons and early evenings. Particle pollution can be bad any time of the year, even in winter. It can be especially bad when the weather is calm, allowing air pollution to build up. Particle levels can also be high near busy roads, during rush hour, and around factories, and when there is smoke in the air from wood stoves, fireplaces, or burning vegetation. Check your local newspapers for the “Air Quality Index” in the El Paso Times and El Diario newspapers under the weather section. You may also find information in your local health and environmental departments, local TV news media or radio. Or check the internet at http://www.epa.gov/airnow/where/index.html and click on the state and county you wish to know the air quality index.

r14.3

Understand the Air Quality Index (AQI). The AQI is an index for reporting daily outdoor air quality. It tells you how clean or polluted your air is, and what associated health effects might be a concern for you. The AQI focuses on health effects you may experience within a few hours or days after breathing polluted air. EPA calculates the AQI for five major air pollutants regulated by the Clean Air Act: ground-level ozone, particle pollution (also known as particulate matter), carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide. For each of these pollutants, EPA has established national air quality standards to protect public health. The index is classified by numbers, colors and by impact on health. To understand how it affects health, the AQI will tell you if the air in your area is good, moderate, unhealthy for sensitive groups, unhealthy, very unhealthy and hazardous for the people. The values are determined as good if the value is 0-50, moderate if 51-100, unhealthy for sensitive groups if 101-150, unhealthy if 151-200, very unhealthy if 201-300, and hazardous if 301 to 500.

r14.4

Reduce outdoor activities when outdoor air pollution is high. By adjusting your outdoor activities and exercises, you can maintain a healthy lifestyle and help reduce asthma symptoms when the air is polluted. In summer, plan your most vigorous activities for the morning. Try to exercise away from busy roads or industrial areas. On hot, smoggy days when ozone levels are high, think about exercising indoors. You may want to adjust your activity so it is less intense in the outdoors, for example, go for a walk instead of a jog, Or, spend less time on the activity, for example, jog for 20 minutes instead of 30 minutes. If you get asthma symptoms when the air is polluted, stop your activity.